At times, it’s either overtly or covertly reinforced. One is that kids, both male and female, develop a distorted view of what their future is going to be.
Political philosophy and theory are deployed to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of each response. There are two main results to young athletes receiving preferential treatment. This paper offers and assesses three alternative legal theories for tribal responses to the attack on special federal legislation benefiting Indians. Law Litigation around affirmative action in higher education has focused almost exclusively on preferential admissions policies, race- or gender-based scholarships, quotas, and other practices where different standards are applied by colleges and universities on the basis of race or gender that confer entry or other substantive benefits. However, the changing nature of federal benefits, along with the changing demographics and politics of Indian country, has made this strategy difficult for tribes to sustain. The tribes' most effective defense has been to emphasize the grounding of these special rights in their governmental status rather than in race or ethnicity. Today, however, the anti-Indian element has joined forces with the anti-affirmative action forces to produce the most intensive challenge yet to Indian rights. Opponents of Indian preferences and benefits have long deployed the rhetoric of "equal rights" to attack treaty rights and other manifestations of the special legal status that Indians enjoy under federal law. Nonetheless, Indian preferences are the latest targets in the battle against affirmative action. Preferences and benefits for American Indians predate the American policy of affirmative action, and are grounded in a very different set of rationales. 1996), the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the practice of providing preferential treatment to minorities in a public universitys admissions policy was repugnant to the Constitution.
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